From very beginning, it was a mystery that ‘how small a particle can be broken. And this idea first explained by one of the brilliant mind ‘Dalton’. According to him when we keep broking any particle, a time will come after which it cannot be further broken and this particle was called atom.
Dalton proposed some concepts: -
- Atom is smallest particle of any element which cannot be further broken (actually not).
- Different elements have different atoms.
- Atoms of same elements are similar in all respect (actually not).
- Atoms combined together to give molecular atom.
In few respects his theory was right, but he gave the idea about an atom.
In few respects his theory was right, but he gave the idea about an atom.
During the study of atom several physicists done several experiment and one of them is ‘cathode ray experiment’. Through this experiment, Thomson contributed that every atom is compost of a universal particle called “Electron”, through this experiment he also contributed: -
(a) An electron is universal particle which is present in every stuff in this universe.
(b) It is negatively charged particle.
As an electron is negatively charged particle and contains by every particle in this universe, then why they show neutrality? This concept causes the discovery of another universal particle called “Proton”. And soon after that another particle discovered called “Neutron”, and this discovery caused by the difference in weight of same element (Isotopes). But still physicists have no idea about the structure of an atom. Please read about this in our previous post.
Soon, we found that even not electron, proton and neutron are elementary particle. There is another type of particle which consists by electron, proton and neutron and they together called as “Quark”. A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particle called “Hadrons” and the most stable state of hadrons are “protons and neutrons”. This theory proposed by- Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. They contributed that, there are six types of quarks (Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Bottom and Top). But these six flavor of quarks can never be directly observed in isolation state, this is due to a phenomenon called “Color confinement”. They can only be found within hadrons, which includes baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons.
Soon, we found that even not electron, proton and neutron are elementary particle. There is another type of particle which consists by electron, proton and neutron and they together called as “Quark”. A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particle called “Hadrons” and the most stable state of hadrons are “protons and neutrons”. This theory proposed by- Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. They contributed that, there are six types of quarks (Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Bottom and Top). But these six flavor of quarks can never be directly observed in isolation state, this is due to a phenomenon called “Color confinement”. They can only be found within hadrons, which includes baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons.
What is Hadron?
Hadron is a composite particle made up of two or more quarks held together by strong interaction, like electromagnetic force held molecules.
What is Baryon?
Hadrons are categorized into two families and baryon is one of them. Baryons are made up of an odd number of quarks, usually three.
What is Meson?
Meson is another form of hadron which is consists of an even number of quark, one quarks and other antiquark. Example: - protons and netrons
What is antiquark?
In particle physics, every type of particle has an associated antiparticle with same mass but opposite charge. This is basic description about the quark, if you want whole, please let us know.
In 1968, at SLAC National Laboratory, California a series of experiments were done with the particle accelerator. And that experiment (Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiment) provided the evidence for all six flavors. In 1995, the top quark observed at Fermilab, near Chicago.
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